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Types And Causes Of Surface Defects In Smart Film

Types And Causes Of Surface Defects In Smart Film

2025-07-11

1. Spot Defects

a. Bubbles

    Refers to transparent spots in the liquid crystal film where the liquid crystal layer lacks liquid crystal, allowing light to pass through directly. They appear as circles, ovals, lines, or dots (see Figure 1 for examples).

    Causes: Result from gray spots or scratches in the ITO film coating.


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Figure 1: Bubble Defects


 b. Thick Spots

    Refers to areas in the liquid crystal film where the liquid crystal layer is thicker than normal. They appear as clouds, dots, or patches (see Figure 2 for examples).

    Causes: A thicker liquid crystal coating in these specific areas.


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Figure 2: Thick Spot Defects


 c. Dust Spots

    Refers to gray particles, dust, or other impurities trapped between the protective film and the surface of the smart glass film. They are typically black in color (see Figure 3 for specific shapes).

    Causes: Gray spots generated during the manufacturing process of the protective film.


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Figure 3: Dust Spot Defects


2. Creases

    Refers to irreversible damage caused by excessive local force on the liquid crystal film. At the creased area, the two layers of ITO film separate, and the liquid crystal film remains transparent when powered on (see Figure 4 for details).

    Causes: Occur due to force applied during film cutting or handling.


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Figure 4: Crease Defects


 3. Pressure Marks

    Refers to local surface deformation or damage on the liquid crystal film caused by gray spots adhering to its surface or external sharp objects. At the pressure mark, the liquid crystal droplets in the film become misaligned, appearing transparent when not powered on—similar in shape to bubble defects (see Figure 5 for examples).


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Figure 5: Pressure Mark Defects


 4. Translucent Areas

    Refers to a phenomenon where liquid crystal droplets in the film become misaligned due to stress factors such as local force or deformation during production or cutting. Areas under stress have reduced light-blocking capability (see Figure 6 for details).


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Figure 6: Translucent Area Defects


 5. Breakdown Points

    Refers to intense electrical discharge or conduction in the liquid crystal film under an electric field. The damaged area develops a circular or oval white spot with a small black burn mark in the center (see Figure 7 for examples).


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Figure 7: Breakdown Point Defects


 6. Liquid Crystal Deficiency

    Refers to areas within 5 cm of the film’s edges that lack liquid crystal coating during production (see Figure 8 for details).


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Figure 8: Liquid Crystal Deficiency Defects


7. Linear Defects

    Primarily refer to scratches on the surface of the liquid crystal film (see Figure 9 for examples).


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Figure 9: Scratch Defects